Wood and synthetic surfaces are, (duh) totally different. If you had a brand new wood installation, and a brand new synthetic installation, you would still see significant differences.

With wood, the age of the installation can affect your shot. For example, my home house is wood. Extremely well cared for, resurfaced and/or screened every year. Each year the degredation starts a little earlier - wood splitting and separating so the oil soaks into the cracks, etc, etc. So, the more we get into the season, the drier and trickier the shot gets.

With synthetics, the oil tends to carrydown differently than with wood, and can cause a noticeable transition of a type you rarely see on wood. For example, on wood, I seldom move right unless I just wasn't lined up correctly to begin with. On synthetics, moves right occur regularly.
Also - synthetics bounce. Some more than others, but- watch when your teammates bowl. Depending on loft and height off the lane when they release the ball, the lane surface (think formica countertop material) will bounce. If you have an inconsistent release, that can have a dramatic effect on your consistency.

Sooooo - to answer your question, yes. It can make a difference.

Good luck!