I think there are two issues here...connected but totally separate.
The correct way to handle this situation is as some of you have mentioned. Each bowler (Bowler B and Carlos) get a portion of 1 share of the prize fund prorated around how many weeks they bowled. If Bowler B still owes money, it should then be deducted from his prorated share, not before the split. And if his share isn't enough to cover the missing weeks, then he should pay the captain whatever it takes to make things square.
The other issue is what Carlos was told. There are such things as verbal contracts. You make a financial arrangment verbally, it has stood up in a court of law if there are witnesses that can vouch for the agreement being made. Carlos, agreed to finish the year based on the fact that he was told he would get 100% of the prize fund. And regardless of what some of you think, he is not being greedy, or a weasel, or anything other then following the verbal contract he was given. As the rules state, distrubtuion of funds within a team are a team's decision, not the USBC. For example, I have subbed for a team for the last 2-3 years, last season, people wound up missing a lot of weeks between the 5 members and I bowled about 1/2 the season. I did not pay any of the weeks I bowled, and expected to get $0 in return. But they took it upon themselves to give me a share of their prize fund. I was greatful, but it was totally unexpected. They didn't have to do that, they decided to. Just like the captain didn't have to promise 100% of the prize fund to Carlos, he just decided to, probably as an incentive to get him to say yes so they wouldn't be stuck with a blind or have to try to find a new sub every week.
So there are the issues, what is the right thing to do vs. the verbal contract the captain made with Carlos. Separate but intertwined issues. Personally Carlos, unless this is some big money league, split the share with Bowler B and realize that you will never ever sub or help out this team again, and move on. Not worth the hassles, even though I think you are correct in your position. The only way to assure it would happen would be to sue the captain for breach of contract if he doesn't follow through, but unless other heard it and are willing to testify to it, your case would be very weak.
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Jorge300