It is tough to really compare, because the lane surfaces, oils, and overall volume of oil was totally different in the plastic and rubber ball days. Plastic came in to vogue when the harder urethane lane finishes replaced lacquer. I bowled with both polyester and hard rubber on lacquer, and the ball reaction was not much different. However on urethane finish the plastic, which even in its harder versions was softer than hard rubber, reacted more. As they learned the tricks of softening the polyester even more, it became more effective.
The interesting thing is that resin additives with todays urethane balls has much the same effect as softening the shells on the old polyester balls did, but the resins don't soften the urethane.